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George M'Gonigle
George M'Gonigle (1889–1939) was Medical Officer of Health for Stockton-on-Tees, UK. He was labeled "The housewives champion" for his work in studying malnutrition and poverty.〔S. McLaurin, "The housewives' champion", Printability Publishing (1997)〕
==Life and career==
George Cuthbert Mura M'Gonigle was the only son of William M'Gonigle, vicar of Ellingham, Northumberland,UK. He trained at Newcastle upon Tyne Medical School〔http://www.ncl.ac.uk/1834/history/〕, graduating from Durham University in 1910 (MD, 1913). From 1924 until his relatively early death from pneumonia in 1939, he was a general practitioner of medicine and served as Medical Officer of Health for Stockton-on-Tees, an industrial town which, during the Great Depression, suffered one of the worst unemployment rates in Britain, peaking at around 50%.〔http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?u_id=12835966&data_theme=T_WK&data_cube=N_LUI_UNEM_PERCENT&add=N〕
M'Gonigle made it his life's work to document the effects of poverty on health. These focused on nutritional needs. Reports included ''Poverty, Nutrition and Public Health.''〔Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1933 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2204489/pdf/procrsmed00704-0023.pdf〕 This found that mortality rates ''increased'' when slum-dwellers were moved to new-built, ''healthier'' housing estates. This counter-intuitive finding was explained by poverty: M'Gonigle established that housewives could no longer afford a balanced diet for their families as household rents increased and income dwindled with unemployment.
His book with John Kirby, ''Poverty and Public Health'' (1936) 〔G.C.M.M'Gonigle and J.Kirby,"Poverty and Public Health" Victor Gollancz, London, 1936〕 brought these matters to the attention of politicians and social reformers,〔http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1936/jul/08/malnutrition〕 and set the Stockton studies in a broader context. The book summarized the poor state of health of the general population, drawing on government records. This highlighted the generally poor state of health of the English population. For instance, only around half the male population was fit for active military service in World War I. One third of children aged 5–12 (national survey, 1933) required medical treatment or observation for potential clinical conditions. Regional data showed health inequalities related to class, with the children from professional classes in Tyneside being both heavier and taller than those from the poorer areas. M'Gonigle and Kirby were among the first to point to the statistical correlation between income (and employment) and mortality. M'Gonigle's three major field studies in Stockton-on-Tees were also included. Thus, M'Gonigle and Kirby, using publicly available data together with empirical studies, demonstrated that "poverty, not ignorance, was the cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the poor and this poverty was not the fault of the individual families but of a society that provided inadequate wages and welfare benefits."〔
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